Effect of Terrorism on the Growth of the Tourism in New York, USA
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.53819/81018102t5134Abstract
Tourism is among the biggest sectors in the world. Tourism leads to foreign exchange incomes, increased national revenue and emergency job opportunities. The effect of terrorism on the tourism sector is immense. However, it is affected by terror attacks in some instances. Terrorism usually brings about fear and economic uncertainties and lowers confidence. Hence, the study sought to examine the effect of terrorism on the growth of tourism in the USA. The study adopted the descriptive research design. The design was preferred since the researcher was interested in getting detailed information for the analysis. The target population was 368, including national travel and tourism office employees. The collection of the data was done using questionnaires. The study employed a stratified sampling technique to collect the data. The analysis of the information was done using descriptive and inferential statistics. The study used tables to present the data. The study findings indicated that terrorism is negatively and significantly related to growth (β=-0.975, p=0.011). The study concluded that when terrorism increases by one unit, the growth in the tourism sector will decrease by 0.975 units while other factors are held constant. Businesses are affected negatively by terrorism, leading to a decrease in tourists. Terrorism is likely to affect tourist arrivals in countries with persistent terrorist incidents. The study recommended that government should increase security in the country. Preventive measures should be implemented to ensure the chances of a terrorist attack are managed at all costs. Proper protection and preventive measures should be implemented to ensure that tourists recognize New York as safe from terrorism. There should be adequate political will to combat any terrorist activity. The government should do more to deal with terrorism and protect the tourism sector.
Keywords: Terrorism, growth, tourism, USA.
References
Aurioles, B. (2019). Barcelona’s peer-to-peer tourist accommodation market in turbulent times: terrorism and political uncertainty. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 5(2), 16-31. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJCHM-01-2019-0090
Azam, M., Nawaz, M. A., & Riaz, M. (2019). Does corruption and terrorism affect foreign direct investment inflows into India. Journal of Managerial Sciences, 13(2), 85-97.
Baker, D. (2014).The Effects of Terrorism on the Travel and Tourism Industry. International Journal of Religious Tourism and Pilgrimage 2, (1), 28-42
Bildirici, M., & Gokmenoglu, S. M. (2020). The impact of terrorism and GROWTH on environmental pollution: evidence from Afghanistan, Iraq, Nigeria, Pakistan, Philippines, Syria, Somalia, Thailand and Yemen. Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment Review, 81(5), 106-124. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eiar.2019.106340
Boufford, C. (2022). The Recovery Phase of Tourism Destinations Impacted by Terrorism–The Role of Strategic Marketing Plans. The Emerald handbook of destination recovery in tourism and hospitality,12(19), 317-339. https://doi.org/10.1108/978-1-80262-073-320221019
Carballo, R. R., Leon, C. J., & Carballo, M. M. (2021). The impact of terrorist attacks in cities on the relationship between tourists' risk perception, destination image and behavioural intentions. Journal of Hospitality, 5(2), 17-31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2021.103382
Cerchiello, G., & Vera-Rebollo, J. F. (2019). From elitist to popular tourism: leisure cruises to Spain during the first third of the twentieth century (1900–1936). Journal of Tourism History, 11(2), 144-166. https://doi.org/10.1080/1755182X.2019.1610505
Chaulagain, S., Wiitala, J., & Fu, X. (2019). The impact of country image and destination image on US tourists’ travel intention. Journal of destination marketing & management, 1(2), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdmm.2019.01.005
Din, J. U., Sanaullah, D., Hassan, M., Ihsan, N., Amin, A., Ali, I., ... & Mumtaz, A. (2022). Socio-Economic Implications Of Terrorism On Khyber Pakhtunkhwa: A Case Study Of ANP Era (2008-2013). Webology (ISSN: 1735-188X), 19(3).
Ghosh, S. (2019). Uncertainty, economic growth its impact on tourism, some country experiences. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, 24(1), 83-107. https://doi.org/10.1080/10941665.2018.1542324
Hayali, A. S., Küçükosman, A., & Kpartor, K. (2021). The Relationship Between Foreign Direct Investment And Tourism Sector: The Jamaican Case. Uluslararası İktisadi ve İdari İncelemeler Dergisi, 31 (8), 229-246.
Jalil, A. (2017). Impact of Terrorism on Foreign Direct Investment in Russia. Russia Journal of Peace and Conflict Studies, 2(2), 1-10.
Khan, H., Yusuf, M. D., & Costa Mendes, J. D. (2018). The Impact of Terrorism on Tourism Destination Image and Development. Asian Administration & Management Review, 1(2), 37-46. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3559353
Khan, N., Hassan, A. U., Fahad, S., & Naushad, M. (2020). Factors affecting tourism industry and its impacts on global economy of the world. Available at SSRN 3559353.
Kyrylov, Y., Hranovska, V., Boiko, V., Kwilinski, A., & Boiko, L. (2020). International tourism development in the context of increasing globalization risks: On the example of Ukraine’s integration into the global tourism industry. Journal of Risk and Financial Management, 13(12), 303-319. https://doi.org/10.3390/jrfm13120303
Lutz, B. J., & Lutz, J. M. (2020). Terrorism and tourism in the Caribbean: a regional analysis. Journal of Behavioral sciences of terrorism and political aggression, 12(1), 55-71. https://doi.org/10.1080/19434472.2018.1518337
Nikšić Radić, M. (2018). Terrorism as a determinant of attracting growth in tourism: Panel analysis. Journal of Sustainability, 10(12), 45-53. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10124553
Omer, A. M., & Yeşiltaş, M. (2020). Modeling the impact of wars and terrorism on tourism demand in Kurdistan region of Iraq. Portuguese Economic Journal, 19(3), 301-322. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10258-020-00178-0
Sofronov, B. (2018). The development of the travel and tourism industry in the world. Annals of Spiru Haret University. Economic Series, 18(4), 123-137. https://doi.org/10.26458/1847
Wut, T. M., Xu, J. B., & Wong, S. M. (2021). Crisis management research (1985–2020) in the hospitality and tourism industry: A review and research agenda. Tourism Management, 8(5), 104-113. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2021.104307
